The secret marriage of Edward IV and Elizabeth Woodville, by Jean de Wavrin. (I will not go into the questionable legality of the marriage due to Edward’s pre-contract.)
© Bibliothéque nationale de France.

This link will enable you to download Livia Visser-Fuchs’ thesis “Warwick and Wavrin: Two Case Studies on the Literary Background and Propaganda of Anglo-Burgundian Relations in the Yorkist Period”.

The lowly marriage of Edward IV, at a time when Warwick was negotiating an illustrious international union for England’s dashing young king, alienated Warwick and was the reason he turned on Edward IV and entered a military alliance with Louis XI of France. Thus “the Anglo-French alliance that he embodied threatened the very existence of the Burgundian ‘state’, and particularly in the Low Countries”. They hated Warwick.

The thesis is lengthy and—as the title suggests—considers the differing reactions to Warwick in England and Burgundy during the Yorkist period. Anything by this highly regarded historian and author has to be taken very seriously and this paper is no exception to the general rule. She has analysed the two sides in great detail, and her conclusions are well worth reading. Recommended.


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  1. Viscountessw, it is a lengthy thesis, her PhD thesis from University College of London (2002). This poses a real problem for me! From childhood I’ve been a (cultural) Francophile so I should be highly biased towards Warwick, but I find him loathsome (and yet I can understand how Warwick and Louis XI very likely connected politically and on a very deep level in ways Edward only presumed he was capable of doing)! My problem is I can’t stop splitting French hairs!

    I understand why, Visser Fuchs begins with the murder of Jean sans Peur, referring to it as “ill advised” – as her focus is on Burgundian-French relations, but my goodness – and I am no apologist for the weasely Charles VII, still dauphin at the time of his men took out the odious Jean – but Charles did not start that wretched feud between two branches of the same French royal family (ie. Valois), it was Jean sans Peur, who offed in spectacular fashion a son of Charles V of France on the streets of Paris in 1407 (Louis I d’Orleans)
    This blood feud was so intense INSIDE the royal family that it continued through Richard’s own lifetime, heck, it is a very big reason Louis XI was terrified of his (mentally delicate?) son (another Charles) succeeding him while Edward and Richard lived! I could say alot more on all this, suffice it to say Warwick was preferable to Edward and ‘Burgundian’ side of the Valois family, and had Edward married Bona of Savoy the entire reign of Edward and Louis Xi would have been vastly different.
    Here’s a thought for you, Louis XI, like all French kings, had relationships with the Scots, (usually as spies inside Edward’s court, and likely Richard’s as well) and more traditionally, since the ‘Hundred Years War,’ some Scottish noblemen, often a younger son, who had served France well, was honored in France with an heiress and her lands, a title, and more or less became both Scots and French, a perfect emissary on diplomatic and military missions- there was even a Scottish cavalry/ men-at-arms division led by these ex-pat Scots, one group handled the diplomatic arrangements with James as well as the clandestine espionage for Charles VIII recruiting for Henry before Bosworth – HAD Edward simply married Bona of Savoy and produced his flock of royal children his trade with France would have flourished throughout France and the Mediterranean, a tight union of France + England would have forced the Low Countries to make trade and commerce accommodations or go bankrupt – as for Warwick, Louis XI would have made him an Anglo-French seigneur akin to what French kings had been doing with the Scots: a string of lovely chateaux, maybe in the Pas de Calais or the Sologne; just keep him out of England and Edward’s hair, let him strut ‘large’ in France, marry his daughters to Continental princes since Edward was against his baby brothers marrying his daughters, who knows?
    No matter how I look at it the Wydville marriage was an unqualified disaster, the ruin of Edward’s reign, before it really had a chance to know it was a reign! Like his so-called French campaign!

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  2. I fear I like Warwick, just as I also liked the Appellant Earl of Arundel who was executed in 1375. Both were controversial men who rebelled against the ruling king. Sometimes figures from the past leap out, and these two do for me. I don’t like Edward IV, but I do like Richard II. There’s no accounting for the whys and wherefors of why one is drawn to certain historic figures.

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    1. perhaps I should qualify, Warwick like most men of ability and ambition, had several phases in his (to my mind short life) – today we would prob call them careers decisions. “Early” Warwick is fascinating, bold, innovative, and prob considered ruthless, but he had authentic appeal with his supporters, the men of the garrison at Calais, his retinue, his ‘men’ – it wasn’t obligatory, it was earned and steadfast, possibly that is one issue Edward later resented. I’m reading Warwick at a distance of 500+ years and he just strikes me as sensing displacement by Edward (and rightfully so; I agree with you, Edward is not the glorious wonder of wonders that Crowland effuses over ad nauseum) and the other Warwick emerges by mid 1460’s, not because of the foolish Wydville marriage, but because of competition from William Herbert in particular. What happens there, at Edgcote, decimating the Herbert affinity, calling in his northern supporters, and that included William Parr, still rankles me.
      I would be the first to say that the Nevilles, as a whole, made Edward king, and KEPT him viable, kept him on that throne in those first years, (including the mostly forgotten Lord Fauconberg) but I do wish Warwick had been more circumspect, less knee-jerk; the loss of his father at Wakefield should not be underestimated, Salisbury was a old warhorse but a wily one.
      So, there you are, I have a soft spot for the Herberts, and Warwick vented his spleen on Edward by eliminating them (quite literally). Now, ask me what I think of Edward’s conduct and mismanagement (of everything) especially in 1469, 1470!

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  3. I found this article very interesting and informative. It’s amazing to think that a secret marriage could have such a huge impact on the history of England! I’m looking forward to downloading Livia Visser-Fuchs’ thesis and learning more about Warwick and Wavrin’s contribution to the Yorkist period.

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